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Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah
kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah
kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang
lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin
melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I.
Statement
(pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu
dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1.
To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct
Indirect
Am/is/are
-
was/were
Shall/will
-
should/would
Can
-
could
May
-
might
Must
Have/has
to
-
had to
Ought to
2.
Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)
Direct
Indirect
now
- then
tomorrow
- the following
day
next
week
- the following
week
tonight
- that night
today
- that day
yesterday
- the day
before
last
night
- the night
before
last
week
- the week
before,
the precious week
here
- there
this
- that
these
- those
3.
Tenses
Direct
Indirect
Simple
present
- simple past
Simple past
- past perfect
Present perfect
Present
continous
- past continous
Present perfect continous
- past perfect continous
Simple
future
- past future
I.
STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that
(bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan
kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam
indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to
me
that + reported words
He told me
e.g - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night
before.
- My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila
kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang
dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.
e.g - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom says that he don’t like English.
II. COMMAND
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita
tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung
antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat
pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
He asked me
He told me
e.g - He asked me
“Open your book”
- He asked me to open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to
Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to
Jane.
- Mother
asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
- Mother
asked John to pay attention to what she says.
- John
told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John
told Mary to wait until he comes.
- The
teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”
- The
teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif
kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang
dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John
“Don’t wait for me”
- Mary told John not to wait for her.
- I told him “Don’t mention it to
anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to
anyone.
- Father
asked her “Don’t go there alone”
- Father
asked her not to go there alone.
- Ira
asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”
- Ira
asked tom not to come to her house again.
- Mothers
asked John “Don’t smoke too much”
- Mother
asked John not to smoke too much.
III. QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan
kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll,
maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech.
Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat
pengantarnya ialah :
He asked me where
When etc.
e.g - The man asked
me : “Where do you live ?”
- The man asked me where I lived.
- John
asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got
angry with him.
- I
asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
- I
asked him when he had got back from his trip.
- He
asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He
asked me how I would go there.
- John
asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John
asked the girl what her name was.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata
tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No
Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether
(jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan
yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The boy asked
John : “Does Mary live near
here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.
- The
teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
- The
teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
- Mary
asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.
- Mary
asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.
- We
asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”
- We
asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.
- Mother
asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
- Mother
asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note : Baik if
maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
IV. REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE
(Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported
Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena) sebagai penghubung
pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat
pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh
berikut ini :
e.g - She asked me
:”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She asked me what the time was
as her watch had stopped.
- Ira
asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.
- Mary
asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.
- I
asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very
good.
- I
asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent
was very good.
- He
told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”
- He
told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.
- She said
:”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?
- She
said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.
Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban
Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung
untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai
penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me
:”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
- He
asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.
- Mother
asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother
asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.
- She
asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
- She
asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I
couldn’t.
- I
asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
- Is
asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.
- Mary asked
John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.
- Mary
asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.
- Father
asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.
- Father
asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari
Auxiliaries
Direct
Indirect
Was/were
- had been
can
- could
may
- might
must & have
to
- had to
must
not
- wasn’t
to/musn’t
needn’t
- didn’t have
to
e.g - Mary said :” I was
sick yesterday.”
- Mary
said that she had been sick the day before.
- The
man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
- The
man asked me if I could speak English.
- Mary
said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”
- Mary
said to John that she might come to his house the following day.
- Mother
told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”
- Mother
told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.
- The
police told me :” You must not drive without license.”
- The
police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”
- The
teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”
- The
teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry
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